As the old joke runs, "it's difficult to make predictions, especially about the future." That said, the ability to help clients anticipate the future, embrace new opportunities, and transform their operations has always been a central part of Arthur D. Little's consulting philosophy.

It's fitting then that, as we celebrate our 135th anniversary, we should reflect on where the business world is today and identify some important priorities for the future.

THE TIMES, THEY ARE A-CHANGIN'

The last few years have seen some of the biggest global shocks since the crash of 2008 ­ even, arguably, since the Second World War. It has been a time in which previous long-held certainties and assumptions about the world have been shaken and, in some cases, shattered. For decades, people have taken for granted that the quality of life will inexorably keep improving, driven by economic, technological, and social development.

But for the first time, this assumption is no longer certain. Millennials (people born in the 1980s and 1990s) own only a fraction of the wealth that Boomers (those born in the 1960s and 1970s) earned at the age of 35, and most people below this age believe they will be worse off than their parents.

Globalization has been a huge driver of growth and development and was previously seen as a force for good by both governments and society at large. Yet, it is now under attack from several quarters. In developed economies, globalization is regarded by some as a cause of inequality, concentrating wealth in the hands of a minority elite and giving rise to a handful of hugely powerful global companies -­ for example, in 2019, only seven countries in the world had a GDP bigger than Apple's market capitalization of $2 trillion.

In the West, especially, increasing international labor mobility on top of industrial decline has fueled the rise of populism and protectionism. Geopolitical changes ­ notably the growing power and influence of China, and the apparent reluctance of the US to continue its leading role on the world stage ­are upsetting the established world order. Popular confidence in the ability of cooperative international organizations, such as the UN, WTO, and WHO, to make a difference has eroded. The assumption in the West that all nations of the world will continue in a natural progression towards liberal democracy is no longer self-evident.

And the COVID-19 pandemic has acutely highlighted the vulnerability of global supply chains, leading to unexpected shortages of energy and other resources.

Perhaps most importantly, climate change and sustainability, for too long the "elephant in the room", are finally being acknowledged as an urgent challenge as the reality of previous predictions starts to bite. For the first time, issues around environmental and social impacts and resource usage are taking center stage.

Confronted with all these issues, it is easy to descend into pessimism about the future. However, there are still many reasons for positivity. History has often shown how challenging times can ultimately lead to new and unforeseen opportunities and benefits, even if the transition process can be painful. More than ever before, in today's world, technology and business have huge potential to help realize the opportunities and benefits resulting from the disruptions ahead.

DOING MORE GOOD

The notion that companies have responsibilities beyond delivering goods and generating profits goes back to the earliest days of the industrial revolution. For example, the Quaker chocolate factory owner George Cadbury built the village of Bourneville to improve the social welfare of his workers in the early 1880s, around the time that Arthur Dehon Little founded ADL. Fast-forward to the 21st century, and companies are only just starting to consider social and environmental responsibilities central to their business, rather than something to be managed as a consequence of it.

There are several drivers for this change, all of which we expect to endure over the coming years1. Firstly, positive government support for a sustainable infrastructure is increasing, e.g., the USD 2 trillion infrastructure plan, the EU Green Deal Recovery Plan, and China's latest Five Year Plan. Secondly, the availability of green investment funding has greatly accelerated. For example, BlackRock, the world's biggest fund manager with USD 7 trillion in assets, stated in early 2020 that it intended to "place sustainability at the center of its investment approach". There is huge pressure from stakeholders for financial institutions to improve their environmental and social governance (ESG) capabilities. Thirdly, technological advances in areas such as solar, EV/batteries, waste recycling, air/water treatment, and hydrogen have reduced costs and enabled deployment at scale, making business cases more viable.

Behind all this is a growing public and consumer awareness of the urgency of new action on sustainability and social responsibility, with younger generations, especially, leading the call for change.

Looking ahead, businesses will increasingly need to place ESG issues at the heart of their strategies. This means not only avoiding any adverse impacts of business operations along the entire supply chain but also innovating to seek out new opportunities and business models. There is much scope for innovation and growth across every aspect of ESG, from climate change mitigation and adaptation through to the circular economy, resource efficiency, material substitution, traceability, and the customer interface, to name just a few. Indeed, it is technology, above all else, that holds the greatest prospect of meeting the huge challenges of sustainability while avoiding widespread economic and social hardship.

To be sustainable in the longer term, companies need to adopt a mindset that aims to do good for people and society at large while still benefiting shareholders, customers, and employees. Those businesses that are ahead of the game on fundamentally realigning around ESG ­ rather than treating it as a peripheral function ­ are likely to reap the benefits in the years ahead.

THE WILLOW VERSUS THE OAK

If we accept that the world is an increasingly uncertain and unpredictable place ­ and, given the pandemic, climate change, and current geopolitics, it would be hard to argue otherwise ­ it follows that businesses need to get better at being resilient to ensure they survive and prosper in the coming years.

Resilience is all about being able to adapt quickly to disruptions while maintaining operations and preserving value, and this ability is going to be increasingly important for companies. There's more to it than this, though. In the longer term, resilience is about being able to continuously grow and prosper in an uncertain and disruptive environment.

The initial crisis resulting from the pandemic brought into sharp focus the shortcomings of companies' current risk and business continuity management approaches. As executives struggled to respond in those first chaotic weeks, it became clear that adequate data and intelligence were lacking, and that crisis management processes were too slow to cope with the pace of unfolding events.

Going forward, companies need to move from an essentially static, backward-looking risk management approach that over-simplifies complexity, to one which is dynamic, responsive, and forward-looking. In such an approach, customized key risk indicators are calibrated to provide an early "red flag" prior to risks occurring, and risk control priorities are constantly retuned based on monitoring intelligence. Such approaches are already being turned from theory into reality through the power of new machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) tools, which can constantly crunch the necessary data to generate insights and support real-time decision-making3. Companies will need to adopt these more responsive and less rigid risk management approaches to improve their resilience in the face of the uncertainties that lie ahead of us.

Another key aspect of resilience is "anti-fragility", a term coined by Nassim Taleb to describe things that not only gain from chaos but may need it to survive and flourish. Businesses in the coming years will increasingly need to adopt the characteristics of anti-fragility to thrive. So what does this mean in practice?

First, companies will need to be very clear about their sense of purpose and their raison d'etre. In an environment of rapid change and disruption, being defined by the products you make or the services you provide is no longer possible, because next year or even next week they may no longer be required. By the same token, products or services disregarded as niche and unimportant today can suddenly grow explosively. Having a clear sense of purpose ­ while accepting uncertainty and complexity ­ frees up the strategy to move beyond existing core products and services, and provides customers and employees with an enduring reason to stay connected with the company. This is important for both now and the future, particularly in the context of "doing more good" in the world.

Second, companies will need to further develop their capabilities in routinely identifying possibilities for disruption and innovating to find new ways of creating customer value. This requires more than just setting up an internal radical innovation team or a start-up incubator. It means establishing a full end-to-end growth capability to develop, commercialize and integrate new businesses that are genuine step-outs from the core, building on excellent foresight and customer intelligence to bring to life the sense of purpose. What's more, it requires companies to be "ambidextrous" in their organizational approach, being efficient and productive in operating scaled-up businesses at the same time as being agile and creative. This isn't easy, but the examples of today's tech giants show that it can be done.

WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM OUR FRIENDS

Looking ahead, it will also be increasingly important for companies to excel at developing and nurturing an extensive and complex ecosystem of partners and collaborators. Effective partner ecosystems drive innovation through overcoming the stifling effect of the body corporate and bringing together "non-obvious" cross-industry partners. They enable flexibility and improve agility to respond to disruptions. And thanks to effective digital tools for communication and collaboration, developing complex partner networks that operate over global distances is now relatively easy. The company of tomorrow may go even further to be defined only by its capabilities and brand presence ­ decoupling these from its business functions which are run entirely by the partner network.

There are some other reasons partnerships will be increasingly important. Picking up on trends such as the backlash against globalization, post-pandemic problems with global supply chains, growing protectionism, and the prospect of widespread shortages of resources such as food and energy, it is easy to envisage a bleak future in which national self-interest takes precedence over international partnership and cooperation. This will be extremely damaging for everyone in the long term.

With their international expertise and dependence on partnerships for success, global companies have the potential to play a vital role in mitigating the worst effects of national and regional protectionism. They can maintain global collaborations, spread technological innovations, and help to maintain the supply of goods and services demanded by customers. In so doing, they can also help to strengthen international ties and rebuild mutual trust from the ground upwards.

However, to do this, big business must itself rebuild trust from the public at large, some of whom consider it to be one of the causes of the social and environmental problems we see today. In the years ahead, businesses will need to do much more to address these concerns. Local and community support and engagement will be increasingly important in key areas such as food, health, energy, and services. Companies with a significant impact on the daily lives of consumers ­ for example, the digital giants ­ will need to do much more to recognize and respond to societal concerns. Ultimately, the reputation of big businesses will depend on the sincerity and effectiveness of their ESG initiatives, and how well these are communicated and understood.

MOVING ON UP

With all this in mind, what should companies focus on to get ready for the future over the next five to 10 years? We can summarize some key imperatives:

• Placing ESG at the core of the business, regaining and building public trust
• Developing a capability for forward-looking, dynamic risk management to improving resilience
• Clarifying and communicating a clear and enduring sense of purpose
• Strengthening the ability for step-out innovation and new business creation
• Embracing uncertainty in approaches to strategic planning, rather than oversimplifying
• Becoming ambidextrous by pursuing efficiency and productivity alongside agility and creativity
• Nurturing increasingly extensive global partner networks
• Focusing on local support and community engagement, as well as maintaining global collaborations

Today, the future seems more uncertain and unpredictable than ever. To be successful in this future, businesses need to embrace this uncertainty, driven by a genuine and compelling sense of purpose. We have big challenges ahead, but irrespective of the politics, it is ultimately technology, and the existence of robust businesses to deploy it, that will be the key to safeguarding our future.